Comentation On Let Us Now Praise Famous Men :: essays research papers

It was in 1936 that James Agee and Walker Evans, on assignment for Fortune magazine, drove into rural Alabama and entered the world of three families of white tenant farmers. And it was in this same year that Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to his second term as president, his New Deal having won the resounding support of American voters. Fortune was not unique in its concern for the tenant farmer; Roosevelt himself appointed a Committee on Farm Tenancy to investigate the situation of this segment of the nation's farming population. The committee's startling report, issued in February of 1937, revealed that tenant farmers constituted half of the farmers in the South, almost a third of farmers in the North, and a fourth of Western farmers. These figures, accompanied by reports of great suffering and stark poverty, led to the enactment of the Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenancy Act, which reorganized the Resettlement Administration as the Farm Security Administration, and which included amo ng its purposes assisting enterprising tenants in becoming landowners.[1] Agee and Evans examined the life of the tenant farmer as closely as the president's committee, but from the perspective of artists, not New Deal politicians or economists. Proposing no economic solutions to the problem of tenant farming, they attempted only to describe the life of the Gudgers, the Woods, and the Ricketts as accurately as possible "in its own terms."[2] Nevertheless, the result of Agee and Evans' endeavors, a book entitled Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, is, as much as the New Deal itself, a great experiment in addressing the issues of social responsibility and human dignity that faced the United States during the 1930s. Roosevelt was elected to the presidency in 1932 because he recognized the need for an innovative approach to the U.S. economy. Financial institutions, including the banking system and the stock market, had been thoroughly undermined along with American confidence, and had miserably failed to recover on their own, as Hoover had promised. The methods that had been used to bring the economy out of a slump in the 1920s were simply not working anymore, and the casualties of depression were rapidly mounting in a frightening new world. As Roosevelt recognized that traditional plans for economic recovery could not end the Depression, so Agee and Evans knew that traditional methods of photography and journalism would not work to convey accurately the hard and simple lives of the tenant farmers.

Discipline: School Types Essay

It doesn’t take a lot of research to tell us that discipline in school is different today than it was in the 1950s. But it does take some investigation to find out why. Various studies have shown that students who act up in school express a variety of reasons for doing so: * Some think that teachers don’t care about them. * Others don’t want to be in school at all. * They don’t consider goal setting and success in school important anymore. * Students are unaware that their adolescent behaviors will result in punishment they won’t like. * Discipline enforcers have to go through long procedures of due process: hearings, specific charges, witnesses, and appeals. Despite these hurdles, students agree that discipline is needed in schools. One high school student stated: â€Å"If there were no discipline, the school would not be distinguished from the street.† So if everyone agrees that discipline is key to safety in school, why do we still have a problem? Student-Teacher Relationships In many schools, teachers are intimidated by their students. Out of fear of retaliation, they fail to report problems or ignore them hoping that the students responsible will quit the bad behavior by themselves. Troubled Students State and Federal laws require that some special needs students receive special attention. Many adults and school systems believe that â€Å"troubled students† are not responsible for their actions, thus they’re not punished as severely as other students. Legal Procedures Because of the raised awareness of the civil rights of children, the law requires adults to go through expensive, time-consuming and confusing procedures in regards to school discipline. These legal procedures do protect the rights of children, but make it very difficult to stop school discipline problems. Modeling Very simply, too many adults fail to model the behaviors they want from students. Modeling the rules that students are to follow should be required of all adults. All adults in a community, especially parents and teachers, need to model integrity, honesty, respect and self-control. Enforcement Because of internal administrative problems or lack of procedures, many school officials fail to enforce the rules or punish students for infractions. Some fear lawsuits from parents; others just don’t care, or they’re â€Å"burned out.† Time-out and Detention In-school suspensions, time-out and detention have been age-old solutions for troubled students. Yet today, many students don’t mind detention, preferring it to going home to an empty or abusive household. Many consider time-out a quiet place to work. Detention lets them socialize after school. And both time-out and detention get them attention from caring adults. â€Å"Fuzzy† Rules Studies have shown that many rules are not strictly enforced. Lots of school and classroom rules don’t make sense to students. Some discipline codes are â€Å"fuzzy† and not clear on expectations and punishments. Some disruptive students are labeled with codes like ADHD (Attention Defecit/Hyperactivity Disorder) or Emotional Impairment. This leads some school staff to mistakenly assume that they cannot enforce positive behavior and instead must resort to asking parents to â€Å"medicate† them. Self Esteem Many schools have emphasized self-esteem over and above everything else. Some teachers are afraid to discipline or demand good behavior because it will hurt the child’s self esteem. The result? Now we have ill-behaved, rude kids-but they feel good about themselves. Discipline Trends that Show Promise Some schools are taking control of and finding ways to confront the problems of discipline and school violence. Here are a few programs that seem to be working: * Reaching Success through Involvement: This process has been used in 17 schools across the nation. It involves students in improving their schools, requires adult school members and student leaders to form a community of learners and leaders for improvement. This process alters school contracts, roles and responsibilities of students, teachers and administrators. The students work with the adults to help other students develop a sense of ownership and control. This new feeling of control makes students more motivated to learn. It has been a success in the 17 schools and is being introduced in more schools around the nation. * Parental involvement: In Paterson, New Jersey, parents of truant students are not fined or jailed, they are required to come to school by the court. This punishment leads to a decrease in truancy. Also, in both Maryland and South Carolina, the punishment for some school discipline problems is to require the parents to attend school with their children. Once the parents see that education is important for their children, their children have not been repeat offenders. * Alternative schools: Many school systems have found that by permanently removing chronically disruptive students from the classroom to an alternative school situation, the school discipline problems from the first school decrease drastically. * School scheduling: Many schools have found that a simple solution of rescheduling school lunches has dramatically decreased discipline problems. By spreading lunches out for a longer period, there are fewer frustrations, temper flare ups, and other problems resulting from the stress of having to put up with a crowded lunch period. * School I.D.s: Many schools are also requiring their students to display a picture I.D to cut down on unauthorized persons coming into a school to promote disruptions. This also eases the impersonal atmosphere of larger schools by letting students and teachers learn one another’s names. * Recognition that school is a learning place: Repeatedly, school systems are stressing that schools are a place for learning, not a recreation/social center for students. Once this â€Å"learning atmosphere† is established and enforced, schools have a lower percentage of discipline problems. Basically, school discipline has become lax over the years as our relationships have weakened. Consolidated school systems and mega schools have made the separation between family and school wider than ever. These mega schools have largely ignored the local community. Also, some parents have lost touch with their children for many different reasons. For school discipline to be successful, we need to restore those relationships. Parents and schools need to work together to instill the importance of education into children of all ages. Finding discipline procedures that work is a job for students, parents, and teachers to explore together. In today’s society, working together within the school and community will help teach children that working as a team can effectively solve the problem.

Failure at Tyco International, Ltd. - 1137 Words

Failure at Tyco International, Ltd. LDR / 531 January 31, 2011 Clance Doelling Failure at Tyco International, Ltd. Tyco International Ltd is a diverse manufacturer who grew tremendously in the 1990’s and early 2000’s. The company had big ambitions with an aggressive program of acquisitions during this period where they spent an estimated $62 billion to purchase more than 1,000 companies. However, unbeknownst to the shareholders of Tyco and the world, Tyco was led by a management team and CEO (L. Dennis Kozlowski) that did not use wise or truthful business practices and organizational behavior. In the following paper, I will examine the failure that occurred at Tyco, compare, and contrast contributions of leadership, management,†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Organizational behavior is concerned with the study of what people do in an organization and how their behavior affects the organization’s performance.† (Robbins and Timothy, 2007, p. 10). A healthy organization responds to globalization and increasing market share by u nderstanding its’ foreign assignments, people from different cultures, managing diversity, and foreign implications. Tyco quickly made acquisitions and developed offshore networks that were managed by executives that did not enforce an ethical code of behavior. Tyco falsified accounting records in order to meet U.S. standards and profitability. Tyco set their sights on strategies that would improve growth and investments, with disregard to any type of business code of ethics or standards. Complications surfaced that the company was not handling money correctly and top management was to blame. Either the company did not properly train their management (especially those who handled the financial aspects of the business) or management was not governing themselves by company policies and procedures that would make the business successful. It appears Kozlowski and his top executives were able to persuade many employees to overlook company policies and procedures to pursue hig h margins of profitability. This demonstrates that the organizational culture and management behavior was overlooking their ethical obligations to the shareholder, company, and employees of Tyco. They were willing toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Examining a Business Failure - Tyco1003 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness Failure: Tyco International Ltd.  ® LDR 531 August 23, 2010 Examining a Business Failure: Tyco International Ltd.  ® Many have heard the proverb, â€Å"A chain is only as strong as its weakest link.† This can be directly applied to business organizations through analysis of the three strongest and/or weakest links: managers, leaders and the organizational structure. These three areas provide the central core to any organization and are often linked to dramatic failures and consequencesRead MoreCreating a Plan for Positive Influence1093 Words   |  5 PagesTyco International Ltd. was started by Arthur Rosenburg in 1960 and became owned publicly in 1964. Within 1973 to 2001, Tyco International Ltd. Grew swiftly amid the acquisitions of different companies with â€Å"annual revenues of more than $500 million and a net worth of nearly $149 million (Tyco, 2004-2009). The New York Stock Exchange depicts Tyco International Ltd. as a â€Å"diversified global provider of security products and services, fire protection and detection products and services, valves andRead MoreBusiness Failure Ld r/531985 Words   |  4 PagesExamining a Business Failure – Tyco International Ltd. LDR/531 Organizational Leadership March 01, 2010 Examining A Business Failure – Tyco International Ltd. Organizational behavior is concerned with human behavior in organizations. This essay seeks to explain how organizational behavior theories could have predicted or explain the failure of Tyco International Ltd. The theories that organizational behavior are built on are psychology, social psychology, sociology and anthropologyRead MoreTyco International: Management Planning Analysis Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesTyco International: Management Planning Analysis Traditionally, along with leading, organizing and controlling, planning is one of the main functions of management. As a function, planning has to answer five questions; where does the company want to go, why they want to go there, how they will arrive at their destination, what is needed to go there and finally, how they will know when they have reached their goal. In this paper I will explore how Tyco International, Ltd. has used the planningRead MoreThe Management Failure Of Tyco International Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe Management Failure of Tyco International Tyco International was founded by Edward Breen in 1960 (Wikipedia, 2007). According to Wikipedia, (2007), Tyco International’s operational headquarters is located in Princeton, New Jersey, and employs 247,900 employees. Dennis Kozlowski became the CEO in 1992, leading with aggressiveness acquiring several other companies into the organization (Wikipedia, 2007). In 1999, after a stock split, rumors began to spread about Tyco’s accounting habitsRead MoreTyco International Accounting Fraud Case Study1544 Words   |  6 PagesTyco Accounting Fraud: Tyco International is an organization with operations in approximately 100 countries resulting in its claim as the largest manufacturer and servicer of electronics and electrical items across the globe. Actually, the firm designs and makes undersea telecommunications systems, electronic security systems, specialty valves, and fire protection systems. The company has also developed to become a major player in the several other markets including adhesives markets, disposableRead More Mergers Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pagesmost successful thing in the world either. Lots of mergers don’t last very long or don’t succeed. This past year we had quite a few merger failures. Here are the top 10 Biggest Merger and Acquisition Bloopers of 1999, announced by leading merger consultants. 1. AOL and Netscape 2. Excite 3. Disney and Infoseek 4. BNP and Bank Paribas 5. Tyco International Ltd. and Binge/Purge 6. Deutsche Telecom and Trouble on the Line 7. American Home Products and Warner Lambert 8. Aetna US Healthcare 9. AutoNationRead MoreEthical Dilemmas1374 Words   |  6 Pagesethical questions following each one (CTU Online, 2013). Additionally, it is asked that each student provide a discussion on the new GAAP guidelines for consolidating entities, and to provide an example of a firm that has experienced trouble for failure to comply with the GAAP guidelines. Ethical Dilemmas in Partnerships Scenario 1: In the first scenario, there are two partners in an antique businessRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Sec )2142 Words   |  9 Pagespublishers rules on requirements and deadlines for compliance (Rouse, n.d.). Company and Scandal Background The Sarbanes-Oxley Act was enacted in response to a chain of high profile financial scandals that happened in the early 2000s at companies including Tyco, Enron and WorldCom that shook investor confidence (Rouse, n.d.). Enron. Enron was once ranked the sixth largest energy company in the world, however, in October 2001 it’s fate changed and it took a turn for the worse. The Enron Scandal came to lightRead MoreExamining a Business Failure657 Words   |  3 PagesExamining a Business Failure Unlike many other recent business failures, such as Tyco International Ltd., WorldCom, or Enron, the failure of the Borders bookstore is a sad tale of a well-meaning enterprise that slowly began to fall behind the times, and was eventually overtaken by its more astute competitors Amazon and Barnes Noble. Borders began as a small, independent Michigan-based bookstore that eventually evolved into a chain store with a national reputation. But its failure to keep abreast of

Database Design and Implementation - 38677 Words

PhyloInformatics 7: 1-66 - 2005 Relational Database Design and Implementation for Biodiversity Informatics Paul J. Morris The Academy of Natural Sciences 1900 Ben Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA Received: 28 October 2004 - Accepted: 19 January 2005 Abstract The complexity of natural history collection information and similar information within the scope of biodiversity informatics poses significant challenges for effective long term stewardship of that information in electronic form. This paper discusses the principles of good relational database design, how to apply those principles in the practical implementation of databases, and examines how good database design is essential for long term stewardship of†¦show more content†¦This is not to say that database design is not important. Good database design is vitally important for stewardship of biodiversity information. In the context of limited resources, good design includes a careful focus on what information is most important, allowing programming and database administration to best support that information. Database Life Cycle As natural history collections data have been captured from paper sources (such as century old handwritten ledgers) and have accumulated in electron ic databases, the natural history museum community has observed that electronic data need much more upkeep than paper records (e.g. National Research Council, 2002 p.62-63). Every few years we find that we need to move our electronic data to some new database system. These migrations are usually driven by changes imposed upon us by the rapidly changing landscape of operating systems and software. Maintaining a long obsolete computer running a long unsupported operating system as the only means we have to work with data that reside in a long unsupported database program with a custom front end written in a language that nobody writes code for anymore is not a desirable situation. Rewriting an entire collections database system from scratch every few years is also not a desirable situation. The computer science folks who think about databases have developed a conceptual approach to avoiding getting stuck in such unpleasant situations – the database life cycleShow MoreRelatedDatabase Design, Implementation, and Management2233 Words   |  9 PagesABSTRACT Database Design, Implementation, and Management — Gymnasium Database System As the world entering into a digital era, most of organizations use different kinds of database environment to achieve efficient management. 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There are 5 phases in Database Development Cycle: Planning; Analysis; Design; Implementation and Maintenance. Planning In Planning Stage, the organization needs to know why do they need the database; what do they want the database to do; and how are they going to make the database. This is also where theRead MoreData Warehousing Fundamentals For It Professionals1580 Words   |  7 Pagesthe design and implementations of database systems. Dr. Paulraj Ponniah has published few other successful books and, as Assistant Professor, he also continued teaching courses in college such as data warehousing and databases design. In addition to this book, he is also a renowned author of books based on the concepts such as Database Design and Development, Data Modelling Fundamentals, Database Design and Development: An Essential Guide for It Professionals with Visible Analyst Set,  Database Design

Progressing into Free Market Economies - 1048 Words

The United States is a blessed nation to have freer markets than most. According to the 2013 Index of Economic Freedom, the United States ranks as No. 10 in the most free market countries, while Zimbabwe ranks No. 175 out of the 177 countries listed. (1) How are countries like Hong Kong, New Zealand, and the U.S. ranked so high? With social cooperation, income inequality, comparative advantages, freedom of trade, sound money, reductions in taxes and regulations, and protection of property rights, more markets in other countries will too progress into free market economies. Walmart is the largest chain of supermarkets in the United States today with over 3,000 stores located across the country. I have always liked buying from Walmart simply because it has the largest selection of a variety of goods at low prices. On the cereal aisle alone, there are eleven cereal brands: Quaker, Uncle Sam, Weetabix, Cap’n Crunch’s, General Mills, Kellogg’s, Kashi, Sunbelt Bakery, Post, Malt O-Meal, and Great Value. The bigger companies had sub-brands. Quaker had cereals like Life, Oatmeal Squares, Natural Granola, and Simply Granola. General Mills tied with Kellogg’s with the most types of cereal such as Cheerios, Chex, Lucky Charms, Trix, Fiber One, Golden Grahms, Wheaties, Total, Cocoa Puffs, Cookie Crisp, Hershey’s Cookies and Crà ¨me, Reese’s Puffs, Dora the Explorer, and Kix. Kellogg’s provided Frosted flakes, Froot Loops, Apple Jacks, Krave, Scooby Doo, Corn Flakes, Smorz, Fiber Plus,Show MoreRelatedThe Government Of Norway Is A Constitutional Monarchy984 Words   |  4 PagesNorway is a Constitutional Monarchy. Norwegian economy is a mixed economy, it has a private sector, and a considerable state sector, with a wide ranging social safety net. Key areas are contained by the Government such as the petrol sector. There is considerable regulation and state majority owned businesses. Norway is abounding with natural resou rces, hydropower, fish, forests, minerals and, of course the petroleum industry. Their biggest export market is petroleum. Petroleum is also their greatestRead MoreThe Change In Modern History Have Been Influenced By Many1316 Words   |  6 Pagesevolve the modern world through economic and social changes such as the dehumanization of workers, the reversed idea of individualism and the ideas used to increase profit in the factories. Steam engines had a profound influence on the shift of the economy into the modern era. The invention of steam engines â€Å"fueled the industrial revolution† and made transportation all across the globe faster and more efficient. They also allowed for a larger profit because it it improved industrial processes so thatRead MoreEssay on Triumph of The Nerds859 Words   |  4 Pagestheir Economy. The remarkable contribution and digital competition between the computer giants historically affected the economy of the world wide industry. The inception of an innovation, aimed at proliferating the productivity of the contemporary technology on a global scale, encouraged the nerds to establish digital empires that continue to thrive today. Computer Giants contributed in the economic boom, thereby increasing the employment, sales, and the commercial demand in the market. TheRead MoreA Comparative Perspective Of Post Communist Transition1357 Words   |  6 Pagesenergetically engaged in a radical economic transition, moving away from state capitalism and towards a free-market economy. But despite these parallels, the economic achievements of the two countries are drastically different-at least in the public perception, and especially so in the minds of investors. Economically booming China is viewed as a spectacular success story, while slowly progressing Russia is typically seen as a relative failure. At the very outset of the transition the Russian and ChineseRead MoreImperialism And The United States Experience During World War I855 Words   |  4 Pagesaffect them directly. Initially, the United States remained unconcerned and involved keeping their distance. A national foreign policy of neutrality reflected America’s inward looking focus on construction and management of its new powerful industrial economy but in large part with foreign capital . However, as conflict progressed in Europe, it became apparent that the threat to America’s interest was conceivably imminent and in need of immediate intervention and oversight. 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Ability to invoke Art. 3:2 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) assuring accessibility to unbiased, multilateral sanctions, and enforcement mechanisms. IV. Eligibility for Aid for trade projects, assistance and capacityRead MoreAutomotive Industry in Mexico1392 Words   |  6 Pagesdoing business in the automotive industry Searching facts to justify the settlement of US investment Student Name Professor Name Course Table of Contents Mexico, A Place for Doing Business in Automotive Industry 3 Introduction 3 Markets, Demographics, Resources 3 Business Environment 4 Cultural Environment 5 Economic Environment 5 Political Environment 6 Legal Environment 7 Conclusion 7 Bibliography 8 Introduction When establishing a business especially an automotiveRead MoreFinal Paper on Bw Resources Corporation1015 Words   |  5 PagesI. Introduction At the apex of stock market, much importance and approach was given to corporate governance in 1990. 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Sexual Appeals in Advertising and Their Effects on Consumers Free Essays

string(79) " women are drawn to them, perhaps with the desire of having goddess-like legs\." Sex Appeal is one such method of differentiation that suppliers have found and proven to be successful. By targeting our basic animalistic behaviour, namely the drive for sexual reproduction, firms have found that through a cleverly designed message containing sex appeal, they can attract and hold on to consumers’ attention, thus making it more likely for consumers to choose that particular product over another. On the other hand however,sexual content may not be communicative and might even have a detrimental effect on brand information processing. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Appeals in Advertising and Their Effects on Consumers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Using sex appeal in advertising is a time-tested technique that will probably be with us forever. If you are marketing a product or service, you need to be aware of the power of sex appeal in advertising and understand the nuances of using sex to market your wares. What is sex appeal in advertising? Appeals utilizing overt sexual information are common in mainstream consumer advertising. Sex appeal is pervasive in advertising and is used with increasing frequency. As advertisersseek out ways to break through clutter and draw attention to their messages, the use of sexually oriented appeals have been used as a communication technique . Previous research for advertising has documented that sexually oriented appeals are widespread, commonplace, and increasing. Typically, sex appeals have varied along two major dimensions; nudity and sexual explicitness. The escalating usage of sexual stimuli in advertising indicates that companies will advertise in a way that most effectively moves the product. And sex does sell; one only has to browse through popular magazines to realize how powerful a tool sex is. Why Sex Sells: The most obvious reason sex appeal works in advertising is that it grabs attention. Both males and females are attracted to this type of advertising. It is a powerful instinctive attraction that will take our focus from anything else we may be doing. And advertisers know this. They play off of our curiosity. They know that it will be more likely to be recalled than most other forms of appeals because of the generated interest. Also, many advertisers have found that overly controversial images, even if they are taken off of the air, will stir up discussions about the ad and the product associated with it. Even if someone does not agree with what is put on an ad, they are still talking about it. By those discussions being had, the name of your product stays in the minds of consumers longer. What to Be Careful of When Using Sex Appeal in Marketing: Make sure that people are not so distracted by the sexual appeal of the ad that they do not remember what the ad was for in the first place. It does not do any good to create a sensual or sexual message when all they can remember is the image and not the brand name. So, make sure the sexual/sensual image being used is connected in some way to the product or service being promoted. This will create a link between the two and make the viewer much more likely to remember the product or service being advertised. Many advertisers appeal to males in this way- buy the product, get the girl. Especially beer advertisements- generally, a group of average looking guys will be in a bar and by purchasing or drinking a certain brand, they will attract interest from an attractive girl across the room. What is considered acceptable varies from one location to another. In a large metropolitan area with a diverse, less conservative population, you might be more likely to produce more risque advertising versus a rural and conservative or religious community. Tailor the message to the people you are targeting, which includes understanding their feelings and beliefs on public sexuality. If you are setting up a business in a smaller community, make sure to note what other businesses do to advertise. Sex appeal may not be an acceptable form of appeal at all. It is not as attention-grabbing as it once was. There is still an element of surprise, but do not think that people will react or respond quite how they did when it was first being used. As we have become more and more surrounded by sexual images in movies and television, we have become almost desensitized to it, and an ad with half-dressed models does not nearly shock us as much as it would have twenty years ago. So, instead of just having a group of sexy girls or guys in an ad, try to find more subtle and unexpected ways to use sexuality in your message. Dove did this by using â€Å"real people† in their marketing campaigns that started a few years ago. They used the different kinds of beauty, body shape, and age to promote their products. This unexpected campaign, which premiered during the Super Bowl, was extremely successful because it was something different that they were remembered for doing. Sex appeal can be used in many ways. In short, make sure that the way you are using it is appropriate for the product that you are selling and the people you are selling it to. Amy Bax is interested in providing innovative informational resources to entrepreneurs. She is currently an MBA student at the University of Missouri – Columbia. We’re surrounded by advertisements that desperately compete for our attention. Everywhere we look, we find ourselves inevitably drawn to images of scantily clad attractive men and women that are supposed to somehow inspire us to purchase products they endorse. Sure, this attention-getting strategy is popular. Is sex appeal effective? Sex appeal can increase the effectiveness of an ad or commercial because it attracts the customer’s attention. It’s human nature to be curious about sex. A pair of long legs on a billboard is more likely to catch (and hold) a guy’s attention than a puppy, regardless of how cute it may be. Even women are drawn to them, perhaps with the desire of having goddess-like legs. You read "Sexual Appeals in Advertising and Their Effects on Consumers" in category "Essay examples" However, misuse of sex appeal can be costly. Many campaigns deemed offensive have started brand boycotts that affect sales and damage brand reputation. Abercrombie Fitch has been involved in several scandals, the latest from their most recent catalog entitled â€Å"XXX Wet, Hot Summer Fun. † On April 18, 2002, only a week after the catalog hit the stores, the Illinois State Senate passed a resolution condemning AF’s advertising tactics. This resolution, backed by several nonprofit organizations, suggests citizens and shareholders boycott Abercrombie’s products and to take a stand against the company’s marketing strategies. Although sexy images in catalogs are not at all uncommon, â€Å"XXX Wet, Hot Summer Fun† featured naked boys and girls frolicking in natural settings. Not quite appropriate for an apparel catalog targeted at teenagers. Sex in advertising has stirred controversy for many years, an advertiser must be careful when incorporating it in a campaign. Great advertisers consider not only the attention-getting power of an advertisement or commercial, but also what kind of emotional response it provokes in customers. Studies show that the attractiveness of the endorsing model provokes positive responses. Nudity and graphic erotic content, while still increasing consumer’s attention, doesn’t really generate positive feelings among viewers. In other words, advertisers must be careful to avoid the â€Å"cheap shot,† which may negatively affect a brand’s image. To avoid that, the sexual content in advertising must be appropriate to the product category and have a proper underlying message. One spot, called â€Å"The Premature Pour,† shows a beautiful seductive woman pouring Heineken into a glass. When a guy across the bar responds by pouring his own, he nervously pours too fast and spills foam all over the table and himself. The sexual content is implicit, yet direct. The sexual reference in this and other spots in the campaign worked, causing sales to rise 13% in the first two quarters of 2002. However, Steve Davis (VP of marketing in Heineken USA), claims that, â€Å"Provocative is a very good place to be, as long as we’re not inflammatory. But the spots also work for a different reason. From the tag line to the plot, they are about a desire for Heineken. Our ads make the beer the hero. † Sex sells, yes, but only when used â€Å"in good taste. † As marketers we must think not only in getting customers’ attention for the short term, but also in building a brand reputation that will yield long-term results. The positive roles of sex appeal in advertising: One might ask ‘why do advertisers promote sex appeal? ’ The answer in its purest form is thatit works well in most cases and according to Bumler (1999), most advertising executives usesex appeal as the most powerful weapon in their arsenal and therefore they use graphic images to get and hold on to audiences’ attention. From a marketing perspective, sexual appeal maybe advantageous for the simple reason that they prey on basic biological instincts and thus, an incredible motivational factor, which is a desirable attribute to break through clutter. Advertisements that attract attention have the increased likelihood to affect persuasion,especially in a saturated media environment typified by passive viewing exposure. Numerous research studies have revealed that sexual appeal, when used in advertising are attention grabbing, likeable, arousing, effect inducing, memorable, and somewhat more apt to increase interest in the topic advertised in comparison to non-sexual appeal. Sex appeal serves several crucial roles in advertising. Firstly,sexual material in advertising acts as an initial attention lure to the ad, which is referred to asthe stopping power of sex . Attention is a necessary condition for learning, attitudinal change and behavioral effects. A second function of sexual stimuli in advertising is to enhance message recall as sex is arousing, easy to relate, emotion inducing, and most of all, memorable. Finally, the third role of sexual content in advertising is to evoke emotional responses, such as feelings of arousal, excitement, or even lust, which in turn can create stimulation and desire for the product (Bumler 1999). This role may affect the consumer’s mood and can result in favourable cognitiveprocessing of the ad and increase the persuasion impact. Sex appeal in advertising is also effective ineliciting fantasy or expressing the imaginative fulfillment of motives, such as sexual gratification. Latour, Pitts, and Snook-Luther (1990) have provided insight into the emotional impact ofsexual appeals, specifically the level and nature of evoked arousal and attitudes toward theadvertisement and brand. They have found a direct relationship between the positive arousalevoked by sexual appeals and evaluations of the brand. Nonetheless, whether sexual appealelicits a positive or negative reaction depends on the appropriateness to the advertisedproduct. Richmond and Hartman (1982) ascertain that sexual stimuli will enhance brand recallonly if it has an appropriate relationship with the product category and the advertisingexecution. When sex appeal is used inappropriately, such as utilizing it solely as an attentiondevice, exploiting the female body, degrading the female role or insulting propriety, weakbrand recall may occur and may in fact produce a negative attitude towards the brand. This implies that the use of sex appeal in advertising must be appropriate to the type of products eing advertised and when sex appeal is used thoughtfully and appropriately, it may produceacceptable and satisfactory results. Negative effects of sex appeal in advertising: While studies have shown that overt sexual portrayals attract attention to an advertisement, other numerous advertising research have also suggested that inappropriate and excessive use of sexual content can actually have a number of negative effects. Consistently, studies have demonstrated that sexual appeals attract attention to the ad, typically without a corresponding advantage for brand information processing. Sexual content may be eye-catching and entertaining, but it may not be communicative and might distract the viewer from the message. When sexual stimulus is used in advertising, viewers’ perceptual and processing resources are directed toward the sexual information in the ad rather than toward the brand. The use of explicit sexual messages in advertisements may interfere with consumers’ processing of message arguments and brand information, which in turn may reduce message comprehension. Furthermore, initial devices such a sexual stimuli overwhelm the message, and are negatively correlated to both recall and persuasion. Finally, there has been evidence to suggest that overt sexual appeals may have detrimental effects on attitudes toward the ad and brand, and therefore may reduce purchase intention . These findings led MacInnis, Moorman, and Jaworski to advance the proposition that hedonic appeals, such as sexual stimuli, increase motivation to process the ad execution, but largely at the expense of the brand. All of these threaten to act as potential hazards of using sex appeals. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) provides a framework to understand the role of sexual appeals in persuasion (Shimp 2003). According to ELM, persuasion can occur along a continuum of elaboration. Persuasion resulting from extensive issue-relevant thinking isreferred to as central route processing, whereby receivers engage in vigilant examination ofmessage information. As receivers’ motivation, opportunity, and ability decrease, receiversare less likely to engage in systematic elaboration and are consequently more likely to rely onperipheral cues to guide their decision-making. Evidence suggests that this process occurs in response to sexual appeals in advertising (Severn, Belch Belch 1990). It appears that numerous advertising utilizing sex appeal seems to get attention but do little for the advertised product. For instance, Judd and Alexander (1983) found that ads withdecorative female models increase memory for the image in the ad with no difference in actually reading the information of the ad. In particular, nudity and erotic content was found to increase attention to the ad, but not necessarily enhance recall or positive attitudes toward a brand. As a result, sexual appeals stimulate less argument elaboration and connecting thoughts than will non-sexual appeal. Additional evidence also suggests that, as the level of nudity and erotism increase, the intended communication effects either become negative or dissipate. Therefore, despite the persuasiveness of sexual appeals when used in advertisements, it is likely to be the result of peripheral processes and as a result may be transient. In addition to the aforesaid negative effects of advertising, bad uses of sex symbols in advertising may lead to unacceptable perception by audience. The widespread use of sex as an advertising technique has elicited significant consumer protest. On top of that, as clutter increases in advertising, consumers appear to be more able to physically avoid advertising and tune out . For this reason, every advertiser haspragmatic need to stand out. As marketers focus on developing messages that stand out, too many of them forget that their focus should not solely be on the executional devices, but on the core message. In order to investigate the abovementioned discrepancy with regards to the effects of sexual stimuli in advertising, we conducted a short survey on 20 subjects on their perception of ads that exploit sex appeal. The subjects, who consisted of eleven females and nine males, wereasked to browse through five different ads for 20 seconds. Two out of the five ads presented,employ sexual appeal as their core messages. The subjects were then required to answer a series of questions about the attractiveness of the ads and were then asked to recall the brand names. The survey questions, results, and advertisement stimuli are provided in Appendix 1. It was found that one of the ads utilizing sexual appeal (Ad 2) was rated as most appealing by the majority of subjects. Interestingly however, the other ad that displays explicit nudity (Ad) was rated as most unappealing and most subjects were unable to recall the brand name. We therefore concluded that sex appeal in advertising works well, but only if it is appropriate with the product context and within an appropriate level of explicitness. How to cite Sexual Appeals in Advertising and Their Effects on Consumers, Essay examples

Traditional Culture and the Wellbeing of Indigenous Australians

Question: Describe about the Traditional Culture and the Wellbeing of Indigenous Australians? Answer: In 2012, nearly two-third of indigenous people aged 18 and above reported depression cases, which was doubled in proportion of non-indigenous people. Almost all 97% of indigenous Victorian experienced racism in the last 12 months. In a non- random sampling survey, it was found that two third among sampled population experienced racism and going through psychological distress such as depression and anxiety (Australian government, 2013). Goals are set which plays important role in nursing practice while taking care of indigenous people. These goals are , nurses should develop a relationship which is based on trust and empathy, should encourage indigenous participants with positive thoughts, should promote positive healthy behaviour including medication and healthy lifestyle compliance which includes diet, exercise, no smoking and limit alcohol consumption, should engage indigenous participants in social and support network, should ensure effective collaboration with other service provider to develop effective working environment and relationship, and should promote activities for families and people with depression (Queensland government). Important consideration for nurses while conducting evaluations of indigenous programs whose purpose is to promote mental health and well-being. Emotional stability programs, cultural and healing programs can have effective in development of the mental and social well-being of indigenous participants, mental health care program can increase high level of satisfaction among indigenous participants, and small scale evaluating program among indigenous and non-indigenous participants, can improved communications between them (Australian government, 2013). Studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of indigenous program, and it is found out that effectively participating in mental and social well-being program, indigenous people are positively benefitted. The social and emotional well-being program provides counselling to indigenous people suffering from depression. An evaluating program found out that, it provides counselling service to large no. of indigenous population affected by depression (Australian Institute of health and welfare, 2011). References: Dockery AM. (2011). Traditional culture and the wellbeing of Indigenous Australians: an analysis of the 2008 NATSISS. https://www.aihw.gov.au/closingthegap/ItemDetails.aspx?id=9457type=ac. Brave H. (2011). Historical Trauma among Indigenous Peoples of the Americas: Concepts, Research, and Clinical Considerations. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 43 (4), pp. 282290. Strategies and practices for promoting the social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. (2013). Australian government. https://www.aihw.gov.au/uploadedFiles/ClosingTheGap/Content/Publications/2013/ctgc-rs19.pdf. Caring for a person experiencing Depression. https://www.health.qld.gov.au/mentalhealth/docs/depression.pdf. Australian Institute of health and welfare. (2011). The health and welfare of Australias Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people an overview. https://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=10737418955.